Fundamentals of Acoustics,9780471847892

Fundamentals of Acoustics

by ; ; ;
Edition: 4th
ISBN13: 9780471847892
ISBN10: 0471847895
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2000-01-12
Publisher(s): Wiley
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Summary

The classic acoustics reference! This widely-used book offers a clear treatment of the fundamental principles underlying the generation, transmission, and reception of acoustic waves and their application to numerous fields. The authors analyze the various types of vibration of solid bodies and the propagation of sound waves through fluid media.

Author Biography

Lawrence E. Kinsler and Austin R. Frey are the authors of Fundamentals of Acoustics, 4th Edition, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Fundamentals of Vibration
Introduction
1(1)
The Simple Oscillator
2(1)
Initial Conditions
3(2)
Energy of Vibration
5(1)
Complex Exponential Method of Solution
5(3)
Damped Oscillations
8(3)
Forced Oscillations
11(2)
Transient Response of an Oscillator
13(1)
Power Relations
14(1)
Mechanical Resonance
15(2)
Mechanical Resonance and Frequency
17(2)
Equivalent Electrical Circuits for Oscillators
19(3)
Linear Combinations of Simple Harmonic Vibrations
22(2)
Analysis of Complex Vibrations by Fourier's Theorem
24(2)
The Fourier Transform
26(11)
Transverse Motion: The Vibrating String
Vibrations of Extended Systems
37(1)
Transverse Waves on a String
37(1)
The One-Dimensional Wave Equation
38(1)
General Solution of the Wave Equation
39(1)
Wave Nature of the General Solution
40(1)
Initial Values and Boundary Conditions
41(1)
Reflection at a Boundary
41(1)
Forced Vibration of an Infinite String
42(4)
Forced Vibration of a String of Finite Length
46(6)
The Forced, Fixed String
46(3)
The Forced, Mass-Loaded String
49(2)
The Forced, Resistance-Loaded String
51(1)
Normal Modes of the Fixed, Fixed String
52(2)
A Plucked String
54(1)
A Struck String
54(1)
Effects of More Realistic Boundary Conditions on the Freely Vibrating String
54(4)
The Fixed, Mass-Loaded String
55(1)
The Fixed, Resistance-Loaded String
56(1)
The Fixed, Fixed Damped String
57(1)
Energy of Vibration of a String
58(2)
Normal Modes, Fourier's Theorem, and Orthogonality
60(2)
Overtones and Harmonics
62(6)
Vibrations of Bars
Longitudinal Vibrations of a Bar
68(1)
Longitudinal Strain
68(1)
Longitudinal Wave Equation
69(2)
Simple Boundary Conditions
71(2)
The Free, Mass-Loaded Bar
73(2)
The Freely Vibrating Bar: General Boundary Conditions
75(1)
Forced Vibrations of a Bar: Resonance and Antiresonance Revisited
76(2)
Transverse Vibrations of a Bar
78(2)
Transverse Wave Equation
80(2)
Boundary Conditions
82(1)
Clamped End
82(1)
Free End
82(1)
Simply Supported End
82(1)
Bar Clamped at One End
83(1)
Bar Free at Both Ends
84(2)
Torsional Waves on a Bar
86(5)
The Two-Dimensional Wave Equation: Vibrations of Membranes and Plates
Vibrations of a Plane Surface
91(1)
The Wave Equation for a Stretched Membrane
91(2)
Free Vibrations of a Rectangular Membrane with Fixed Rim
93(2)
Free Vibrations of a Circular Membrane with Fixed Rim
95(3)
Symmetric Vibrations of a Circular Membrane with Fixed Rim
98(1)
The Damped, Freely Vibrating Membrane
99(1)
The Kettledrum
100(2)
Forced Vibration of a Membrane
102(1)
The Diaphragm of a Condenser Microphone
103(1)
Normal Modes of Membranes
104(3)
The Rectangular Membrane with Fixed Rim
105(1)
The Circular Membrane with Fixed Rim
106(1)
Vibration of Thin Plates
107(6)
The Acoustic Wave Equation and Simple Solutions
Introduction
113(1)
The Equation of State
114(2)
The Equation of Continuity
116(1)
The Simple Force Equation: Euler's Equation
117(2)
The Linear Wave Equation
119(1)
Speed of Sound in Fluids
120(1)
Harmonic Plane Waves
121(3)
Energy Density
124(1)
Acoustic Intensity
125(1)
Specific Acoustic Impedance
126(1)
Spherical Waves
127(3)
Decibel Scales
130(3)
Cylindrical Waves
133(2)
Rays and Waves
135(5)
The Eikonal and Transport Equations
135(2)
The Equations for the Ray Path
137(1)
The One-Dimensional Gradient
138(1)
Phase and Intensity Considerations
139(1)
The Inhomogeneous Wave Equation
140(2)
The Point Source
142(7)
Reflection and Transmission
Changes in Media
149(1)
Transmission from One Fluid to Another: Normal Incidence
150(2)
Transmission Through a Fluid Layer: Normal Incidence
152(3)
Transmission from One Fluid to Another: Oblique Incidence
155(5)
Normal Specific Acoustic Impedance
160(1)
Reflection from the Surface of a Solid
160(2)
Normal Incidence
161(1)
Oblique Incidence
161(1)
Transmission Through a Thin Partition: The Mass Law
162(1)
Method of Images
163(8)
Rigid Boundary
163(2)
Pressure Release Boundary
165(1)
Extensions
165(6)
Radiation and Reception of Acoustic Waves
Radiation from a Pulsating Sphere
171(1)
Acoustic Reciprocity and the Simple Source
172(4)
The Continuous Line Source
176(3)
Radiation from a Plane Circular Piston
179(5)
Axial Response
179(2)
Far Field
181(3)
Radiation Impedance
184(4)
The Circular Piston
185(2)
The Pulsating Sphere
187(1)
Fundamental Properties of Transducers
188(5)
Directional Factor and Beam Pattern
188(1)
Beam Width
188(1)
Source Level
188(1)
Directivity
189(1)
Directivity Index
190(1)
Estimates of Radiation Patterns
191(2)
Directional Factors of Reversible Transducers
193(2)
The Line Array
195(4)
The Product Theorem
199(1)
The Far Field Multipole Expansion
199(4)
Beam Patterns and the Spatial Fourier Transform
203(7)
Absorption and Attenuation of Sound
Introduction
210(1)
Absorption from Viscosity
211(2)
Complex Sound Speed and Absorption
213(2)
Absorption from Thermal Conduction
215(2)
The Classical Absorption Coefficient
217(1)
Molecular Thermal Relaxation
218(6)
Absorption in Liquids
224(4)
Viscous Losses at a Rigid Wall
228(2)
Losses in Wide Pipes
230(4)
Viscosity
230(2)
Thermal Conduction
232(1)
The Combined Absorption Coefficient
233(1)
Attenuation in Suspensions
234(12)
Fogs
235(3)
Resonant Bubbles in Water
238(8)
Cavities and Waveguides
Introduction
246(1)
Rectangular Cavity
246(3)
The Cylindrical Cavity
249(1)
The Spherical Cavity
250(2)
The Waveguide of Constant Cross Section
252(4)
Sources and Transients in Cavities and Waveguides
256(3)
The Layer as a Waveguide
259(2)
An Isospeed Channel
261(1)
A Two-Fluid Channel
261(11)
Pipes, Resonators, and Filters
Introduction
272(1)
Resonance in Pipes
272(3)
Power Radiation from Open-Ended Pipes
275(1)
Standing Wave Patterns
276(1)
Absorption of Sound in Pipes
277(3)
Behavior of the Combined Driver--Pipe System
280(3)
The Long Wavelength Limit
283(1)
The Helmholtz Resonator
284(2)
Acoustic Impedance
286(2)
Lumped Acoustic Impedance
287(1)
Distributed Acoustic Impedance
287(1)
Reflection and Transmission of Waves in a Pipe
288(3)
Acoustic Filters
291(11)
Low-Pass Filters
291(2)
High-Pass Filters
293(2)
Band-Stop Filters
295(7)
Noise, Signal Detection, Hearing, And Speech
Introduction
302(1)
Noise, Spectrum Level, and Band Level
302(4)
Combining Band Levels and Tones
306(1)
Detecting Signals in Noise
307(3)
Detection Threshold
310(2)
Correlation Detection
311(1)
Energy Detection
311(1)
The Ear
312(3)
Some Fundamental Properties of Hearing
315(9)
Thresholds
316(2)
Equal Loudness Level Contours
318(1)
Critical Bandwidth
318(2)
Masking
320(1)
Beats, Combination Tones, and Aural Harmonics
321(1)
Consonance and the Restored Fundamental
322(2)
Loudness Level and Loudness
324(2)
Pitch and Frequency
326(1)
The Voice
327(6)
Architectural Acoustics
Sound in Enclosures
333(1)
A Simple Model for the Growth of Sound in a Room
334(2)
Reverberation Time---Sabine
336(2)
Reverberation Time---Eyring and Norris
338(2)
Sound Absorption Materials
340(2)
Measurement of the Acoustic Output of Sound Sources in Live Rooms
342(1)
Direct and Reverberant Sound
342(1)
Acoustic Factors in Architectural Design
343(5)
The Direct Arrival
343(1)
Reverberation at 500 Hz
343(2)
Warmth
345(2)
Intimacy
347(1)
Diffusion, Blend, and Ensemble
348(1)
Standing Waves and Normal Modes in Enclosures
348(11)
The Rectangular Enclosure
349(1)
Damped Normal Modes
349(2)
The Growth and Decay of Sound from a Source
351(2)
Frequency Distribution of Enclosure Resonances
353(6)
Environmental Acoustics
Introduction
359(1)
Weighted Sound Levels
360(2)
Speech Interference
362(1)
Privacy
363(1)
Noise Rating Curves
364(1)
The Statistical Description of Community Noise
365(4)
Criteria for Community Noise
369(2)
Highway Noise
371(2)
Aircraft Noise Rating
373(1)
Community Response to Noise
374(1)
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
375(3)
Noise and Architectural Design
378(1)
Specification and Measurement of Sound Isolation
379(3)
Recommended Isolation
382(1)
Design of Partitions
382(8)
Single-Leaf Partitions
383(2)
Double-Leaf Partitions
385(2)
Doors and Windows
387(1)
Barriers
387(3)
Transduction
Introduction
390(1)
The Transducer as an Electrical Network
390(4)
Reciprocal Transducers
392(1)
Antireciprocal Transducers
393(1)
Canonical Equations for Two Simple Transducers
394(4)
The Electrostatic Transducer (Reciprocal)
394(2)
The Moving-Coil Transducer (Antireciprocal)
396(2)
Transmitters
398(8)
Reciprocal Source
399(4)
Antireciprocal Source
403(3)
Moving-Coil Loudspeaker
406(5)
Loudspeaker Cabinets
411(3)
The Enclosed Cabinet
411(1)
The Open Cabinet
412(1)
Bass-Reflex Cabinet
412(2)
Horn Loudspeakers
414(2)
Receivers
416(2)
Microphone Directivity
416(1)
Microphone Sensitivities
417(1)
Reciprocal Receiver
418(1)
Antireciprocal Receiver
418(1)
Condenser Microphone
418(2)
Moving-Coil Electrodynamic Microphone
420(3)
Pressure-Gradient Microphones
423(2)
Other Microphones
425(3)
The Carbon Microphone
425(1)
The Piezoelectric Microphone
426(1)
Fiber Optic Receivers
427(1)
Calibration of Receivers
428(7)
Underwater Acoustics
Introduction
435(1)
Speed of Sound in Seawater
435(1)
Transmission Loss
436(2)
Refraction
438(2)
The Mixed Layer
440(4)
The Deep Sound Channel and the Reliable Acoustic Path
444(2)
Surface Interference
446(2)
The Sonar Equations
448(2)
Passive Sonar
448(1)
Active Sonar
449(1)
Noise and Bandwidth Considerations
450(5)
Ambient Noise
450(1)
Self-Noise
451(2)
Doppler Shift
453(1)
Bandwidth Considerations
454(1)
Passive Sonar
455(1)
An Example
456(1)
Active Sonar
456(9)
Target Strength
457(2)
Reverberation
459(4)
Detection Threshold for Reverberation-Limited Performance
463(1)
An Example
464(1)
Isospeed Shallow-Water Channel
465(3)
Rigid Bottom
467(1)
Slow Bottom
467(1)
Fast Bottom
467(1)
Transmission Loss Models for Normal-Mode Propagation
468(10)
Rigid Bottom
470(1)
Fast Bottom
470(8)
Selected Nonlinear Acoustic Effects
Introduction
478(1)
A Nonlinear Acoustic Wave Equation
478(2)
Two Descriptive Parameters
480(3)
The Discontinuity Distance
481(2)
The Goldberg Number
483(1)
Solution by Perturbation Expansion
483(1)
Nonlinear Plane Waves
484(4)
Traveling Waves in an Infinite Half-Space
484(1)
Traveling Waves in a Pipe
485(2)
Standing Waves in a Pipe
487(1)
A Parametric Array
488(6)
Shock Waves and Explosions
Shock Waves
494(6)
The Rankine--Hugoniot Equations
495(1)
Stagnation and Critical Flow
496(1)
Normal Shock Relations
497(1)
The Shock Adiabat
498(2)
The Blast Wave
500(1)
The Reference Explosion
501(2)
The Reference Chemical Explosion
501(1)
The Reference Nuclear Explosion
502(1)
The Scaling Laws
503(1)
Yield and the Surface Effect
504(4)
APPENDIXES
A1 Conversion Factors and Physical Constants
508(1)
A2 Complex Numbers
509(1)
A3 Circular and Hyperbolic Functions
510(1)
A4 Some Mathematical Functions
510(4)
(a) Gamma Function
510(1)
(b) Bessel Functions, Modified Bessel Functions, and Struve Functions
511(2)
(c) Spherical Bessel Functions
513(1)
(d) Legendre Functions
513(1)
A5 Bessel Functions: Tables, Graphs, Zeros, and Extrema
514(5)
(a) Table: Bessel and Modified Bessel Functions of the First Kind of Orders 0, 1, and 2
514(2)
(b) Graphs: Bessel Functions of the First Kind of Orders 0, 1, 2, and 3
516(1)
(c) Zeros: Bessel Functions of the First Kind, Jm(jmn)= 0
516(1)
(d) Extrema: Bessel Functions of the First Kind, J'm(jmn)= 0
516(1)
(e) Table: Spherical Bessel Functions of the First Kind of Orders 0, 1, and 2
517(1)
(f) Graphs: Spherical Bessel Functions of the First Kind of Orders 0, 1, and 2
518(1)
(g) Zeros: Spherical Bessel Functions of the First Kind, jm(ζmn) = 0
518(1)
(h) Extrema: Spherical Bessel Functions of the First Kind, j'm(ζmn) = 0
518(1)
A6 Table of Directivities and Impedance Functions for a Piston
519(1)
A7 Vector Operators
520(1)
(a) Cartesian Coordinates
520(1)
(b) Cylindrical Coordinates
520(1)
(c) Spherical Coordinates
521(1)
A8 Gauss's Theorem and Green's Theorem
521(1)
(a) Gauss's Theorem in Two-and Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
521(1)
(b) Green's Theorem
521(1)
A9 A Little Thermodynamics and the Perfect Gas
522(4)
(a) Energy, Work, and the First Law
522(1)
(b) Enthalpy, Entropy, and the Second Law
523(1)
(c) The Perfect Gas
524(2)
A10 Tables of Physical Properties of Matter
526(3)
(a) Solids
526(1)
(b) Liquids
527(1)
(c) Gases
528(1)
A11 Elasticity and Viscosity
529(4)
(a) Solids
529(2)
(b) Fluids
531(2)
A12 The Greek Alphabet
533(1)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 534(9)
Index 543

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