Photo Credits |
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xxi | (2) |
About the Author |
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xxiii | (1) |
Preface |
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xxiv | |
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CHAPTER 1 The Television Production Process |
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2 | (24) |
Section 1.1 What Television Production Is All About |
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4 | (13) |
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THE BASIC TELEVISION SYSTEM |
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4 | (1) |
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THE EXPANDED STUDIO AND ELECTRONIC FIELD PRODUCTION SYSTEMS |
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5 | (3) |
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System Elements of Studio Production |
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5 | (2) |
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The Studio System in Action |
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7 | (1) |
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System Elements of Field Production |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (9) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
Section 1.2 Studios, Master Control, and Support Areas |
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17 | (9) |
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17 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (3) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (3) |
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23 | (1) |
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Makeup and Dressing Rooms |
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24 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 2 Analog and Digital Television |
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26 | (14) |
Section 2.1 Analog and Digital Television |
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28 | (8) |
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28 | (2) |
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BASIC COLORS OF THE VIDEO DISPLAY |
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30 | (1) |
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WHAT DIGITAL IS ALL ABOUT |
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30 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
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The Difference Between Analog and Digital |
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30 | (1) |
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The Process of Digitization |
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30 | (2) |
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BENEFITS OF DIGITAL TELEVISION |
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32 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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Computer Compatibility and Flexibility |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
Section 2.2 DTV Scanning Systems |
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36 | (4) |
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PROGRESSIVE AND INTERLACED SCANNING |
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36 | (1) |
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The Progressive Scanning System |
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36 | (1) |
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The Interlaced Scanning System |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 3 The Television Camera |
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40 | (24) |
Section 3.1 How Television Cameras Work |
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42 | (19) |
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42 | (1) |
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FROM LIGHT TO VIDEO SIGNAL |
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43 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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The Sync Generator and Power Supply |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (4) |
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Analog and Digital Cameras |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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ENG/EFP Cameras and Camcorders |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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ELECTRONIC CHARACTERISTICS |
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50 | (5) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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Light Sensitivity and Operating Light Level |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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Video Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio |
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54 | (1) |
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Image Blur and Electronic Shutter |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS |
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55 | (6) |
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Operational Items and Controls: Studio Cameras |
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55 | (2) |
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Operational Items: ENG/EFP Cameras and Camcorders |
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57 | (2) |
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Operational Controls: ENG/EFP Cameras and Camcorders |
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59 | (2) |
Section 3.2 From Light to Video Image |
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61 | (3) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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CHROMINANCE AND LUMINANCE CHANNELS |
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62 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (22) |
Section 4.1 What Lenses Are |
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66 | (12) |
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66 | (3) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LENSES |
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69 | (5) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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Light Transmission: Iris and f-stop |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (4) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
Section 4.2 What Lenses See |
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78 | (8) |
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78 | (8) |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (1) |
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The Narrow-Angle, or Telephoto, Lens |
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82 | (4) |
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CHAPTER 5 Camera Mounting Equipment |
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86 | (16) |
Section 5.1 Standard Camera Mounts and Movements |
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88 | (9) |
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88 | (4) |
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The Handheld and Shoulder-Mounted Camera |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (2) |
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CAMERA MOUNTING (PAN-AND-TILT) HEADS |
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92 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (3) |
Section 5.2 Special Camera Mounts |
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97 | (5) |
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97 | (3) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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ROBOT PEDESTALS AND MOUNTING HEADS |
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100 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 6 Camera Operation and Picture Composition |
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102 | (24) |
Section 6.1 Working the Camera |
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104 | (9) |
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WORKING THE CAMCORDER AND EFP CAMERA |
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104 | (5) |
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Some Basic Camera "Don'ts" |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (1) |
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WORKING THE STUDIO CAMERA |
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109 | (4) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
Section 6.2 Framing Effective Shots |
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113 | (13) |
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SCREEN SIZE AND FIELD OF VIEW |
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113 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (7) |
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Dealing With Height and Width |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (32) |
Section 7.1 Lighting Instruments and Lighting Controls |
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128 | (23) |
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STUDIO LIGHTING INSTRUMENTS |
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128 | (6) |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (3) |
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FIELD LIGHTING INSTRUMENTS |
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134 | (5) |
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134 | (3) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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LIGHTING CONTROL EQUIPMENT |
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139 | (9) |
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139 | (4) |
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143 | (1) |
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Intensity Controls: Diffusers and Reflectors |
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|
144 | (1) |
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Intensity Controls: Electronic Dimmers |
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145 | (3) |
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148 | (3) |
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How to Control Color Temperature |
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|
149 | (2) |
Section 7.2 Light Intensity, Lamps, and Color Media |
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151 | (7) |
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151 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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CALCULATING LIGHT INTENSITY |
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153 | (1) |
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OPERATING LIGHT LEVEL: BASELIGHT |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Quartz, or Tungsten-Halogen |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 8 Techniques of Television Lighting |
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|
158 | (32) |
Section 8.1 Lighting in the Studio |
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160 | (18) |
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|
160 | (1) |
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161 | (4) |
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Types of Lighting Instruments |
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161 | (1) |
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Functions of Main Light Sources |
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161 | (4) |
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THE PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE, OR TRIANGLE LIGHTING |
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|
165 | (1) |
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SPECIFIC LIGHTING TECHNIQUES |
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|
166 | (6) |
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Continuous-Action Lighting |
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|
166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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Controlling Eye and Boom Shadows |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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OPERATION OF STUDIO LIGHTS |
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176 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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Preserving Lamps and Power |
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|
176 | (1) |
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|
176 | (2) |
Section 8.2 Lighting in the Field |
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178 | (12) |
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178 | (5) |
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Shooting in Outdoor Light |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (7) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (4) |
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CHAPTER 9 Audio: Sound Pickup |
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|
190 | (34) |
Section 9.1 How Microphones Hear |
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192 | (21) |
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ELECTRONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROPHONES |
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192 | (3) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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Special Microphone Features |
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195 | (1) |
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OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROPHONES |
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195 | (18) |
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195 | (3) |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (4) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Long-distance Microphones |
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|
211 | (2) |
Section 9.2 How Microphones Work |
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213 | (11) |
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SOUND-GENERATING ELEMENTS |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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SPECIAL MICROPHONE FEATURES |
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214 | (4) |
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214 | (4) |
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218 | (1) |
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Balanced and Unbalanced Mics and Cables, and Audio Connectors |
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|
218 | (1) |
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MIC SETUPS FOR MUSIC PICKUP |
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|
218 | (1) |
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Microphone Setup for Singer and Acoustic Guitar |
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218 | (1) |
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Microphone Setup for Singer and Piano |
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219 | (1) |
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Microphone Setup for Small Rock Group and Direct Insertion |
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219 | (1) |
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MICROPHONE USE SPECIFIC TO ENG/EFP |
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219 | (2) |
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MICROPHONE USE SPECIFIC TO THE STUDIO |
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221 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 10 Audio: Sound Control |
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224 | (26) |
Section 10.1 Sound Controls and How to Use Them |
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226 | (15) |
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AUDIO CONTROL AREAS: STUDIO |
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226 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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AUDIO PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT: STUDIO |
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228 | (11) |
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228 | (4) |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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Digital Recording Systems |
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235 | (3) |
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Audio/Video Postproduction |
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238 | (1) |
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AUDIO PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT: FIELD |
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|
239 | (2) |
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239 | (2) |
Section 10.2 Mixing and Sound Aesthetics |
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241 | (9) |
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241 | (2) |
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241 | (2) |
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LIVE AND POSTPRODUCTION MIXING |
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243 | (3) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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Controlling Sound Quality |
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|
245 | (1) |
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246 | (4) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 11 Switching, or Instantaneous Editing |
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250 | (16) |
Section 11.1 How Switchers Work |
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252 | (10) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (3) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (6) |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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Additional Special-Effects Controls |
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|
259 | (3) |
Section 11.2 What Switchers Do |
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262 | (4) |
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SWITCHER TYPES AND FUNCTIONS |
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|
262 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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Composite and Component Switchers |
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264 | (1) |
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Analog and Digital Switchers |
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264 | (1) |
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Audio-Follow-Video Switchers |
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|
265 | (1) |
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CHAPTER 12 Video-Recording and Storage Systems |
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|
266 | (28) |
Section 12.1 How Video Recording Works |
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268 | (15) |
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TAPE-AND DISK-BASED RECORDING SYSTEMS |
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268 | (3) |
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Analog and Digital Systems |
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|
268 | (1) |
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Linear and Nonlinear Systems |
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269 | (1) |
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Composite and Component Systems |
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|
269 | (1) |
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|
270 | (1) |
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TAPE-BASED RECORDING AND STORAGE SYSTEMS |
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|
271 | (9) |
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How Videotape Recording Works |
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|
271 | (2) |
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Operational Controls and Electronic Features |
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|
273 | (2) |
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Major Analog Videotape Recorders |
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275 | (2) |
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Major Digital Videotape Recorders |
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277 | (3) |
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DISK-BASED RECORDING AND STORAGE SYSTEMS |
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|
280 | (3) |
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|
280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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|
281 | (2) |
Section 12.2 How Video Recording Is Done |
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283 | (11) |
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USES OF VIDEO RECORDING AND STORAGE |
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|
283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Program Duplication and Distribution |
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|
284 | (1) |
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Record Protection and Reference |
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|
284 | (1) |
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OPERATIONAL VIDEO-RECORDING SYSTEMS |
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|
284 | (2) |
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284 | (1) |
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Operational Video Recorder Systems |
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284 | (2) |
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VIDEO-RECORDING PRODUCTION FACTORS |
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|
286 | (8) |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (6) |
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CHAPTER 13 Postproduction Editing |
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|
294 | (38) |
Section 13.1 How Postproduction Editing Works |
|
296 | (22) |
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EDITING MODES: OFF-AND ON-LINE |
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|
297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (4) |
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298 | (1) |
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Expanded Single-Source System |
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|
299 | (2) |
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301 | (1) |
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LINEAR EDITING FEATURES AND TECHNIQUES |
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|
302 | (1) |
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Assemble and Insert Editing |
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|
302 | (1) |
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CONTROL TRACK AND TIME CODE EDITING |
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|
303 | (3) |
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Control Track, or Pulse-Count, Editing |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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AB ROLLING AND AB-ROLL EDITING |
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|
306 | (2) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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NONLINEAR EDITING SYSTEMS |
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|
308 | (1) |
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NONLINEAR EDITING FEATURES AND TECHNIQUES |
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|
309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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Juxtaposing and Rearranging Video and Audio Files |
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|
309 | (1) |
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|
310 | (8) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (3) |
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314 | (1) |
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|
315 | (3) |
Section 13.2 Making Editing Decisions |
|
318 | (14) |
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|
318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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|
320 | (12) |
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322 | (6) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 14 Visual Effects |
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|
332 | (22) |
Section 14.1 Electronic Effects and How to Use Them |
|
334 | (15) |
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STANDARD ANALOG VIDEO EFFECTS |
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|
334 | (7) |
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|
334 | (1) |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (2) |
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|
341 | (8) |
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Computer-Manipulated Effects |
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|
341 | (1) |
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Image Size, Shape, Light, and Color |
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|
342 | (2) |
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|
344 | (2) |
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|
346 | (1) |
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Computer-Generated Effects |
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|
347 | (2) |
Section 14.2 Nonelectronic Effects and How to Use Them |
|
349 | (5) |
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|
350 | (2) |
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|
350 | (1) |
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|
350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (2) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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|
353 | (1) |
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|
353 | (1) |
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|
354 | (28) |
Section 15.1 Designing and Using Television Graphics |
|
356 | (14) |
|
SPECIFICATIONS OF TELEVISION GRAPHICS |
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|
356 | (9) |
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|
357 | (1) |
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Scanning and Essential Areas |
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|
357 | (1) |
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Out-of-Aspect-Ratio Graphics and Moving Images |
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|
358 | (3) |
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Information Density and Readability |
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|
361 | (1) |
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|
362 | (3) |
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|
365 | (1) |
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|
365 | (5) |
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|
365 | (1) |
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|
366 | (4) |
Section 15.2 Scenery and Props |
|
370 | (12) |
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|
370 | (5) |
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|
370 | (2) |
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|
372 | (1) |
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|
373 | (1) |
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|
374 | (1) |
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PROPERTIES AND SET DRESSINGS |
|
|
375 | (1) |
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|
375 | (1) |
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|
375 | (1) |
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|
376 | (1) |
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|
376 | (1) |
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|
376 | (6) |
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|
377 | (2) |
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Set Backgrounds and Platforms |
|
|
379 | (1) |
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|
379 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 16 Production People |
|
|
382 | (26) |
Section 16.1 What Production People Do |
|
384 | (19) |
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PRODUCTION (NONTECHNICAL) PERSONNEL |
|
|
384 | (2) |
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TECHNICAL PERSONNEL AND CREW |
|
|
386 | (1) |
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NEWS PRODUCTION PERSONNEL |
|
|
387 | (2) |
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|
389 | (1) |
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|
389 | (10) |
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|
390 | (1) |
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|
391 | (1) |
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|
392 | (1) |
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Performer and Postproduction |
|
|
392 | (1) |
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|
392 | (5) |
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|
397 | (2) |
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|
399 | (2) |
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|
399 | (1) |
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|
400 | (1) |
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|
400 | (1) |
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|
400 | (1) |
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The Actor and Postproduction |
|
|
400 | (1) |
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The Director/Actor Relationship |
|
|
401 | (1) |
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|
401 | (2) |
Section 16.2 How to Do Makeup and What to Wear |
|
403 | (5) |
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|
403 | (2) |
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|
404 | (1) |
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|
404 | (1) |
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|
405 | (1) |
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|
405 | (3) |
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|
405 | (1) |
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|
406 | (2) |
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|
408 | (22) |
Section 17.1 What Producing Is All About |
|
410 | (14) |
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PREPRODUCTION PLANNING: FROM IDEA TO SCRIPT |
|
|
410 | (9) |
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|
411 | (1) |
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|
412 | (1) |
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Writing the Program Proposal |
|
|
413 | (2) |
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|
415 | (4) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
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|
419 | (1) |
|
PREPRODUCTION PLANNING: COORDINATION |
|
|
419 | (3) |
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|
419 | (1) |
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|
420 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
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|
421 | (1) |
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|
421 | (1) |
|
PRODUCTION: HOST AND CRITICAL OBSERVATION |
|
|
422 | (1) |
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|
422 | (1) |
|
Watching the Production Flow |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Evaluating the Production |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
POSTPRODUCTION ACTIVITIES |
|
|
422 | (2) |
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|
422 | (1) |
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|
422 | (1) |
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|
423 | (1) |
Section 17.2 Dealing With Schedules, Legal Matters, and Ratings |
|
424 | (6) |
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|
424 | (1) |
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|
425 | (1) |
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|
426 | (1) |
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|
426 | (1) |
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|
426 | (1) |
|
Copyrights and Clearances |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Other Legal Considerations |
|
|
427 | (1) |
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|
427 | (3) |
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|
427 | (1) |
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|
428 | (2) |
|
CHAPTER 18 The Director in Preproduction |
|
|
430 | (34) |
Section 18.1 How a Director Prepares |
|
432 | (18) |
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|
432 | (1) |
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|
432 | (1) |
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|
433 | (1) |
|
Director as Technical Adviser |
|
|
433 | (1) |
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|
433 | (1) |
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|
433 | (13) |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Production Team and Communication |
|
|
434 | (1) |
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|
434 | (1) |
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|
434 | (2) |
|
|
436 | (9) |
|
Floor Plan and Location Sketch |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
446 | (4) |
|
|
446 | (2) |
|
Assistant, or Associate, Director |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
449 | (1) |
Section 18.2 Moving from Script to Screen |
|
450 | (14) |
|
VISUALIZATION AND SEQUENCING |
|
|
450 | (9) |
|
Formulating the Process Message |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (6) |
|
Interpreting the Floor Plan and Location Sketch |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
|
459 | (5) |
|
Locking-In Point and Translation |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (4) |
|
CHAPTER 19 The Director in Production and Postproduction |
|
|
464 | (28) |
Section 19.1 Multicamera Studio Directing |
|
466 | (21) |
|
THE DIRECTOR'S TERMINOLOGY |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
MULTICAMERA STUDIO DIRECTING |
|
|
467 | (15) |
|
Directing from the Control Room |
|
|
470 | (3) |
|
|
473 | (5) |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
Schedule Time and Running Time |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Clock Back-Timing and Front-Timing |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Converting Frames into Clock Time |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
CONTROLLING SUBJECTIVE TIME |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
484 | (3) |
Section 19.2 Single-Camera Directing |
|
487 | (5) |
|
SINGLE-CAMERA DIRECTING PROCEDURES |
|
|
487 | (3) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
POSTPRODUCTION ACTIVITIES |
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
CHAPTER 20 Field Production and Big Remotes |
|
|
492 | (38) |
Section 20.1 ENG, EFP, and Big Remotes |
|
494 | (17) |
|
ELECTRONIC NEWS GATHERING |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
ELECTRONIC FIELD PRODUCTION |
|
|
496 | (4) |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Production: Equipment Check |
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Production: Strike and Equipment Check |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (11) |
|
Preproduction: The Remote Survey |
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
Production: Equipment Setup and Operation |
|
|
503 | (5) |
|
Production: Floor Manager and Talent Procedures |
|
|
508 | (3) |
Section 20.2 Covering Major Events |
|
511 | (19) |
|
|
511 | (7) |
|
LOCATION SKETCH AND REMOTE SETUPS |
|
|
518 | (4) |
|
Reading Location Sketches |
|
|
518 | (3) |
|
Production Requirements for Public Hearing (Indoor Remote) |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Production Requirements for Parade (Outdoor Remote) |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
ENG Communication Systems |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
EFP Communication Systems |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Big-Remote Communication Systems |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
524 | (6) |
|
|
524 | (2) |
|
Communication Satellites: Frequencies, Uplinks, and Downlinks |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
|
527 | (3) |
Epilogue |
|
530 | (1) |
Glossary |
|
531 | (23) |
Selected Reading |
|
554 | (2) |
Index |
|
556 | |